I saw all of it reflected in the name of the main hub, Oribos, which most certainly was an allusion to Ouroboros, the snake eating its own tail (cyclical nature of time, as above so below, eternal recurrence etc). In that context it makes a lot of sense why there was a certain sense of discontinuity and why the city felt like an annoying airport that we always had to pass through etc. I think that was done on purpose 
I saw the First Ones as a nod to that, mostly through the zone Zereth Mortis where organic and machine life co-exist. Deus ex machina! Not only that, I think they dared venture even further with the story and the zone, but Ill get to that.
Now this is where it might get fuzzy, but I thought I would not go to sleep and plant the seeds at least 
In transhumanism, there’s an interesting theory that computers are modeled after the brain and vice versa. It is human to view the brain (or human) and computer (or machine) as different, right, but Pelagos transcends this binary, as well as all other binaries. By evolving into a Paragon, Pelagos embodies a fusion of organic and artificial elements, symbolizing a convergence of human and machine. The human understanding merged with cosmic order. To me that cinematic was breathtaking because right now in scientific circles there is a looot of talk about biodigital convergence, where the integration of biological and digital elements would reflect a more unified experience for everyone, i.e Internet of Bodies, Internet of Things and Internet of Everything.
So where the First Ones come in in all of this is that the cyclical nature of cosmos aligns with the notion that perhaps our future selves could be responsible for designing our current state of being! So the First Ones… are us? Maybe? 
There is so much more to talk about here
But getting tired.
First of all, well written! For sure the Purgatory comes more to mind when I think of the zone but Inferno as well. I would have to play through the zone again to give you a better response but I guess just the overall theme of agony and wailing and withering, and the focus on reflection of your sins, and the different Sincallers (I believe they were called thus?) drawing inspiration from the different circles of hell.
The particular punishment where you lose track of the past and present, are you sure that was part of Inferno? I remember the opposite, where some souls could only see behind them and where unable to change their fate, but not what you pointed out.